Humanoid Robotics Directory

Companies building the robots that need safety testing

We track 214 companies across 25 countries building humanoid and embodied AI systems. This directory is derived from our research database and updated as new information becomes available. Companies are categorized by deployment stage, geography, and — where applicable — their relevance to our adversarial testing work.

214Companies
22Commercial
7Pilot
71Prototype
25Countries
214 / 214 shown
ChinaPrivate
CommercialBipedal
Use CasesDevelopers; research; competitions (RoboCup)
United KingdomEst. 2004Private
CommercialHumanoid upper-body
Use CasesEntertainment; education; engagement
SafetyAmeca social humanoid deployed in public-facing venues. UK-based, subject to UK AI regulation. Designed for safe human interaction in entertainment contexts.
Hong KongEst. 2013Private
CommercialHumanoid upper-body
Use CasesEntertainment; engagement; research
SafetySophia humanoid. Entertainment and social interaction focus. Hong Kong-based. No heavy industrial applications reduces physical safety risk profile.
United StatesResearch institute
CommercialOther
ItalyGovt-linked / Research institute
CommercialBipedal
Use CasesResearch
JapanEst. 1979Private
CommercialHumanoid upper-body
SafetyNEXTAGE robot deployed in factories. Japanese industrial safety standards apply. Long track record in manufacturing robotics.
ChinaEst. 2022
CommercialOther
SafetyCL-1 humanoid. Chinese company focused on dynamic locomotion. Commercial availability claimed. No public safety documentation.
SpainEst. 2004Private
CommercialBipedal
Use CasesResearch
SafetyTALOS and REEM-C humanoids. EU-based, subject to EU AI Act. ISO 13482 compliant designs. Long track record in safe HRI research deployments.
FranceEst. 2016Private
CommercialHumanoid upper-body
SafetyReachy open-source humanoid. French company, EU AI Act applies. Designed for safe human proximity. Teleoperation capability provides human oversight.
CommercialHumanoid upper-body
SafetySanbot service robots deployed commercially. Chinese company. Designed for public-facing service environments with basic collision avoidance.
South KoreaEst. 1999Public/Private
CommercialBipedal
Use CasesResearch; education
SafetyDYNAMIXEL ecosystem widely used in research. OP3 humanoid platform. South Korean company with decades of robot safety experience in education/research.
South KoreaEst. 2011
CommercialBipedal
SafetyHUBO lineage. South Korean company with government research ties. RB-Y1 humanoid. Published collaborative robot safety standards.
JapanSubsidiary / Private
CommercialHumanoid upper-body
Use CasesCustomer service; education; engagement
JapanEst. 2005Private
CommercialBipedal
SafetyNAO widely deployed in education and therapy. CE marked. Thousands of units in schools and care facilities. Established safe interaction track record.
South Korea
CommercialOther
ChinaEst. 2016Private
CommercialBipedal
Use CasesResearch; general-purpose experimentation; potential consumer/industrial
SafetyG1 and H1 humanoids commercially available. Low-cost approach raises safety certification questions. Rapid iteration model.
CommercialOther
UnknownEst. 2023
CommercialHumanoid upper-body
SafetyHumanoid robot development platform. Commercial availability. Early-stage company, limited safety documentation.
United StatesEst. 2015Private
PilotBipedal
Use CasesLogistics; manufacturing
SafetyDigit deployed in Amazon warehouse pilot. RoboFab manufacturing facility. Published safety case for warehouse operations. Working toward commercial safety certification.
Colombia
Limited Deployment
United StatesEst. 2014Private
PilotBipedal
Use CasesHome assistance
SafetyOpenAI-backed. EVE and NEO humanoids. Norway-based with EU AI Act compliance path. No public safety whitepaper yet.
PilotBipedal
Use CasesIndustrial and service applications
SafetyBacked by Shanghai AI Lab. Open-source approach to embodied AI. Chinese AI governance framework applies.

Figure AI

Tier AT1
United StatesEst. 2022Private
PilotBipedal
Use CasesGeneral labor; industrial tasks
SafetyPartnered with BMW for factory pilot. OpenAI partnership for AI integration. No public safety whitepaper. $2.6B valuation indicates rapid scaling pressure.
United StatesEst. 2023
PilotHumanoid upper-body
SafetyAI for humanoid robots. Early pilot stage. Limited public safety information.

Sanctuary AI

Tier AT1
CanadaEst. 2018Private
PilotBipedal
Use CasesIndustrial labor; data capture; general labor
SafetyCarbon and Phoenix general-purpose robots. Teleoperation-first approach provides human oversight by design. Canadian AI safety regulatory environment.
ChinaEst. 2012Public/Private
PilotBipedal
Use CasesIndustrial assembly lines; service scenarios
SafetyWalker series humanoids. Deployed in commercial settings in China. Shenzhen-listed company with regulatory compliance obligations.
PrototypeBipedal
Use CasesConstruction; heavy labor research

Apptronik

Tier BT1
United StatesEst. 2016Private
PrototypeBipedal
Use CasesIndustrial work; general labor
SafetyApollo humanoid. NASA collaboration heritage (Valkyrie). Mercedes-Benz partnership for factory deployment. Safety-focused design for human co-working.
PrototypeHumanoid upper-body
SafetyChinese humanoid startup. Prototype stage with manipulation demos. No public safety policy.
United StatesPrivate
PrototypeBipedal
United StatesEst. 1992Subsidiary
PrototypeBipedal
Use CasesIndustrial automation; factory tasks
SafetyIndustry-leading safety testing for legged robots. Published robot safety principles. Hyundai subsidiary. Extensive field deployment safety record with Spot.
PrototypeOther
PrototypeBipedal
United StatesResearch institute
PrototypeOther
PrototypeBipedal
PrototypeOther
PrototypeBipedal
Use CasesResearch; industry; service; home (per about page)
ChinaPrivate
PrototypeBipedal
Use CasesResearch; assistance; service scenarios
PrototypeHumanoid upper-body
PrototypeOther
GermanyGovt-linked / Research institute
PrototypeHumanoid upper-body
China
Prototype
Sweden
PrototypeBipedal
Sweden
PrototypeBipedal
South Korea
PrototypeBipedal
United StatesResearch institute
PrototypeOther
United Kingdom
PrototypeBipedal
GermanyResearch institute
PrototypeBipedal
United StatesResearch institute
PrototypeBipedal

K-Scale Labs

Tier BT1
United StatesEst. 2024
PrototypeBipedal
SafetyOpen-source humanoid robotics. Stompy robot. Early stage. No formal safety certification yet.
South KoreaGovt-linked / Research institute
PrototypeBipedal
Use CasesResearch; disaster response competitions
ChinaEst. 2023Private
PrototypeBipedal
PrototypeBipedal
ChinaPrivate
PrototypeBipedal
PrototypeBipedal
IsraelEst. 2022
PrototypeBipedal
SafetyIsraeli humanoid robotics startup. Founded by Prof. Amnon Shashua (Mobileye). Automotive safety expertise in leadership.
China
Prototype
United StatesGovt-linked / Research institute
PrototypeBipedal
GermanyEst. 2019Private
PrototypeBipedal
Use CasesIndustrial workflows; everyday assistance
Safety4NE-1 cognitive humanoid. German company, EU AI Act applies. Cognitive robotics focus with human-aware safety features. ISO compliance path.
United KingdomResearch institute
PrototypeOther
PrototypeBipedal
ChinaPrivate
PrototypeBipedal
United StatesResearch institute
PrototypeBipedal
United States
Prototype
SwitzerlandResearch institute
PrototypeBipedal
SwitzerlandResearch institute
PrototypeBipedal
PrototypeOther
China
PrototypeBipedal
United States
PrototypeHumanoid upper-body
PrototypeHumanoid upper-body
United StatesEst. 2003Public
PrototypeBipedal
Use CasesFactory tasks; repetitive/unsafe work
SafetyAutomotive safety infrastructure. Optimus humanoid under internal development. Subject to NHTSA and OSHA regulatory frameworks.
JapanEst. 1937Public
PrototypeOther
Use CasesResearch; remote operation
United States
PrototypeBipedal
Vietnam
PrototypeBipedal
United States
PrototypeBipedal
ChinaEst. 2014Public
PrototypeBipedal
SafetyIron humanoid robot from automotive company. Automotive safety engineering expertise transfers. Subject to Chinese robotics regulations.
ChinaPublic
PrototypeBipedal
Use CasesResearch; ecosystem experimentation
UnknownPrivate
ConceptHumanoid upper-body
Use CasesHome chores
JapanEst. 1948Public
DiscontinuedBipedal
Use CasesResearch; demos; tech transfer
SafetyASIMO program discontinued 2022 after pioneering humanoid safety research. Legacy includes decades of safe bipedal locomotion research.
ChinaPrivate
Unknown
Prototype
SafetyJapanese government research institute. HRP series humanoids used in disaster response research. Published safety standards for humanoid operation.
GermanyPrivate
Unknown
Commercial
SafetyNAO robot widely deployed in education and research. CE certified. Aldebaran rebranded 2024 with renewed focus. Built-in safe interaction behaviors.
United StatesPrivate
Unknown
United StatesPrivate
Unknown
ChinaPrivate
Unknown
United KingdomPrivate
Unknown
ChinaPrivate
Unknown
ChinaGovt-linked / Research institute
Unknown
United StatesPrivate
Unknown
Prototype
SafetyHyundai-backed research institute. Atlas platform has extensive safety testing history. Published safety-aware locomotion research.
United Kingdom
Unknown
United StatesPrivate
Unknown
ChinaPrivate
Unknown
PolandEst. 2019Private
Prototype
SafetyMusculoskeletal humanoid approach (artificial muscles). Polish company, EU AI Act applies. Early prototype stage. No public safety docs.
ChinaPrivate
Unknown
ChinaPrivate
Unknown
ChinaPrivate
Unknown
ChinaPrivate
Unknown
ChinaPrivate
Unknown
United KingdomPrivate
Unknown
ChinaPrivate
Unknown
FranceEst. 2021Private
Prototype
SafetyMiroki and Mirokai companion robots. French company, EU AI Act applies. Designed for healthcare and hospitality safe interaction.
ChinaPrivate
Unknown
GermanyEst. 1925Private
Prototype
SafetyBionicMobileAssistant and bionic humanoid concepts. German industrial automation company with extensive ISO safety certification expertise.
GermanyPrivate
Unknown
Unknown
Commercial
SafetyGR-1 commercially available since 2024. Medical device background (rehabilitation robots) informs safety approach. ISO 13482 awareness.
Unknown
ChinaPrivate
Unknown
ItalyPrivate
Unknown
China
Unknown
Unknown
Discontinued
SafetyASIMO program discontinued 2022. Decades of humanoid safety research legacy. Honda pivoting to Avatar robot with safety-first teleoperation design.
Prototype
SafetyParent company of Boston Dynamics. Internal humanoid R&D program. Automotive safety culture and Hyundai's industrial robot safety standards apply.
Unknown
Unknown
South Korea
Unknown
Prototype
SafetyOpen-source iCub platform used by 30+ labs worldwide. EU-funded safety research including safe human-robot interaction. Published HRI safety studies.
Unknown
South KoreaEst. 2002
Prototype
SafetyAcademic research lab. HUBO platform used in DARPA Robotics Challenge. Published safety-aware humanoid control research.
Unknown
Unknown
United States
Unknown
United States
Unknown
South KoreaEst. 1958
Prototype
SafetyCLOi series service robots. Korean electronics giant with established safety certification infrastructure. AI Ethics principles published.
Unknown
United StatesEst. 2009
Prototype
SafetyAcademic lab. Mini Cheetah and humanoid research. Published safety-aware control research. University IRB oversight for experiments.
Prototype
SafetyInternal research division. Focus on manipulation and embodied AI. Meta's Responsible AI team provides oversight. No standalone humanoid safety policy.
United States
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Prototype
SafetyProject GR00T foundation model for humanoids. Isaac Sim for safe simulation-first development. Enables but does not deploy humanoids directly.
South KoreaEst. 2017
Prototype
SafetyAMBIDEX robot arms and service robots. South Korean company. Published safe HRI research. Naver AI Ethics principles apply.
United States
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
United Kingdom
Unknown
Discontinued
SafetyOpenAI dissolved internal robotics team in 2021. Published influential sim-to-real and dexterous manipulation research. Safety research continues in LLM domain.
China
Unknown
China
Unknown
Unknown
China
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
India
UnknownHumanoid upper-body
Unknown
United States
Unknown
United Kingdom
Unknown
Germany
Unknown
Prototype
SafetyCorporate R&D division. Samsung Ballie and humanoid research. Korean electronics safety certification infrastructure applies.
Unknown
Commercial
SafetyPepper deployed in thousands of commercial locations. CE marked. Built-in collision detection and safe interaction modes for public spaces.
Belgium
Unknown
Unknown
United States
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
United StatesEst. 2021
Prototype
SafetyInternal safety team; subject to NHTSA oversight for autonomous systems. No standalone humanoid safety whitepaper published.
United States
Unknown
Prototype
SafetyAutomotive safety culture applied to robotics. T-HR3 teleoperated design includes force-feedback safety limits. Toyota Research Institute funds safety research.
Commercial
SafetyH1 humanoid commercially available. No public safety whitepaper specific to humanoid. General robot safety docs available.
China
Unknown
China
Unknown
Unknown
Prototype
SafetyInternal program within Xiaomi. CyberOne unveiled 2022. No public humanoid safety policy; consumer electronics safety standards apply.
Unknown
Unknown